Trends in Bisphosphonate Initiation Within an Integrated Healthcare Delivery System

ABSTRACT

In the setting of changing temporal trends in the management of osteoporosis, we examined how select characteristics of new oral bisphosphonate (BP) initiators changed over time among 94,073 women within a large, integrated healthcare organization during the period 2004 to 2012. In the earlier era (2004-2007), approximately half of women younger than 65 years initiating BP therapy (47%-54%) had osteoporosis by bone mineral density (BMD) criteria, but this proportion increased sharply in the later era (2008-2012), with 55% to 81% having osteoporosis. This trend was not evident in older women (≥65 years). The proportion of younger women with prior fracture increased from 15% in 2008 to 32% in 2012, after remaining relatively stable (10%-15%) during the earlier era. Again, this trend was not observed among older women. Thus, among women younger than 65 years, we observed a marked temporal shift in initiation of BP treatment toward women at high risk (including those with prior fracture and those with osteoporosis by BMD testing) and away from those at lower risk (such as those with osteopenia and/or no prior fracture).

Am J Manag Care. 2017;23(12):e421-e422Examination of osteoporosis treatment patterns within healthcare systems should consider the effect of temporal trends in disease management. In Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), a large-scale osteoporosis program was established in 2002 to reduce fracture rates by 1) increasing bone mineral density (BMD) screening in women 65 years or older and those older than 50 years with fracture and 2) increasing bisphosphonate (BP) treatment for those with osteoporosis by BMD criteria and those with fracture.¹ In 2008, osteoporosis metrics, quality measures, and changes in disease management were promulgated nationally, focusing on women 65 years or older and those at higher fracture risk.^2-4

In this context, we examined characteristics of new oral BP initiators over time, including age, prior fracture status, and BMD findings. Of the 94,073 women 50 years or older who initiated oral BP within KPSC from 2004 to 2012, 65% were 65 years or older and 21% had a fracture diagnosis within the 5 years prior to BP initiation. There were 75% with accessible BMD data within 2 years of BP initiation, of whom 62% had osteoporosis based on the lowest T-score (≤—2.5) of the hip or spine.

Examining time trends among women who initiated BP and had available BMD data, we found that during 2004 to 2007, approximately half of the women younger than 65 years had osteoporosis by BMD criteria (47%-54%); the remaining 43% to 50% had osteopenia and 2% to 3% had normal BMD. In contrast, during 2008 to 2012, the proportion of women younger than 65 years with osteoporosis by BMD increased from 55% to 81% (Figure A). This temporal trend was not evident among women 65 years or older who initiated BP, of whom about two-thirds had osteoporosis by BMD in both the earlier (62%-66%) and later (59%-70%) time periods.

Initiation of BP among younger women (<65 years) was notable for a progressively increasing proportion with prior fracture, from 15% in 2008 to 32% in 2012 (Figure B). This focus on treatment of higher-risk women was reflected in a declining proportion of women younger than 65 years (42% in 2007 to 21% in 2012) among those without prior fracture.

Similar observations were seen in Kaiser Permanente Northern California,⁵ a healthcare delivery system equal in size to KPSC but providing care independently, where a regional osteoporosis program was not implemented until 2008. For both health plans, major shifts toward treatment of older, rather than younger, women were observed beginning in 2008.⁵

In summary, beginning in 2008 there was a marked shift toward treating higher-risk subsets among younger postmenopausal women, including women with prior fracture and those with osteoporosis by BMD, and away from women at lower risk (younger age, osteopenia, and no prior fracture). Health plan attention toward assessment of integrated fracture risk and national quality metrics disseminated in 2008^2,3 likely contributed to these observed patterns. These findings highlight the importance of considering changing initiatives and guidelines that may impact temporal trends and patterns of BP initiation within integrated healthcare systems.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Shireen Fatemi, Nora Strick, Shelley Cao, and Kathryn Williams of the KPSC Healthy Bones program for their input and review of this letter.Author Affiliations: Department of Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center (RJH, JCL), Oakland, CA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California (JCL, BE), Oakland, CA; Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California (BHL, ALA), Pasadena, CA; Pharmacy Outcomes Research Group, Kaiser Permanente California (FN), Downey, CA; Pharmacy Outcomes Research Group, Kaiser Permanente California (RLH), Oakland, CA.

Source of Funding: These analyses were supported by a grant from the National Institute of Aging at the National Institutes of Health, 1R01AG047230.

Author Disclosures: Dr Lo has received past research funding from Amgen and current research funding from Sanofi, unrelated to the current study. Dr Ettinger has previously received payments for providing expert testimony on the relationship between bisphosphonate use and atypical femur fracture in litigation involving Merck and Fosamax. Dr Adams has received research funding from Amgen, Merck, and Otsuka, unrelated to the current study. The remaining authors report no relationship or financial interest with any entity that would pose a conflict of interest with the subject matter of this article.

Authorship Information: Concept and design (RJH, JCL, RLH, ALA); acquisition of data (BHL, FN, ALA); analysis and interpretation of data (RJH, JCL, BE, BHL, FN, RLH, ALA); drafting of the manuscript (RJH, JCL, ALA); critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content (BE, BHL, FN, RLH); statistical analysis (BHL); provision of patients or study materials (BHL, FN, ALA); and obtaining funding (JCL).

Address Correspondence to: Annette L. Adams, PhD, MPH, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 100 S Los Robles Ave, 2nd Fl, Pasadena, CA 91101. E-mail: Annette.L.Adams@kp.org.REFERENCES

1. Dell R, Greene D, Schelkun SR, Williams K. Osteoporosis disease management: the role of the orthopaedic surgeon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(suppl 4):188-194. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.H.00628.

2. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation; 2008.

3. NQF-Endorsed national voluntary consensus standards for physician-focused ambulatory care: appendix A—NCQA measure technical specifications. National Committee for Quality Assurance website. ncqa.org/portals/0/hedisqm/NQF_Posting_Appendix.pdf. Published April 2008. Accessed March 21, 2017.

4. Curtis JR, Adachi JD, Saag KG. Bridging the osteoporosis quality chasm. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(1):3-7. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.081116.

5. Lee DR, Ettinger B, Chandra M, Hui RL, Lo JC. Changing patterns in oral bisphosphonate initiation in women between 2004 and 2012. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(3):656-658. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14723.

Download PDF: Trends in Bisphosphonate Initiation Within an Integrated Healthcare Delivery System