Reduced Mortality, Cancer Risks Seen Among Patients With HF Who Use Statins

Overall reductions in cancer-related development and mortality were seen among a cohort of patients hospitalized for heart failure between January 1, 2003, and January 1, 2015, in Hong Kong who incorporated statins into their treatment regimens, reports European Heart Journal.

In particular, statins reduced the risk of developing cancer by 16% and mortality from the disease by 26%, and the longer patients remained on the treatment, the further both of those risks declined.

“Ten years after starting statins, deaths from cancer were 3.8% among heart failure patients taking statins and 5.2% among nonusers, a reduction in the absolute risk of death of 1.4%,” said lead study author Kai-Hang Yiu, MD, PhD, MBBS, MRCP, FHKCP, FHKAM, FRCP, of University of Hong Kong, in a statement. “The reduction in the absolute risk of developing cancer after 6 years on statins was 22% lower compared to those who received only between 3 months and 2 years of statins.”

The large patient cohort of 87,102 comprised both statin users (n = 36,176) and statin nonusers (n = 50,926), with a mean (SD) age of 76.5 (12.8) years. Their data were supplied by the Clinical Data Analysis Reporting System, from the Hong Kong Hospital Authority, the sole provider of public health care services in Hong Kong.

Highlighting the importance of their investigation, the authors noted how heart failure management has improved so much that although patients with the condition are living longer than ever, they are now increasingly dying from non–cardiac-related causes, with cancer topping that list. Statins enter the picture because, they write, “Both experimental and clinical data suggest that statins may be chemoprotective through diverse potential mechanisms, including inhibition of the mevalonate pathway [a critical pathway (with its metabolites) integral for tumour development and growth], anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulatory properties.”

However, few studies have examined the statin use–cancer risk connection among patients with heart failure.

Overall, statins users were younger than nonusers (73.7 [12.0] vs 78.5 [13.0] years, respectively); had higher rates of diabetes (26.9% vs 17.9%), hypertension (55.6% vs 47.4%), coronary artery disease (50.7% vs 23.3%), peripheral vascular disease (19.9% vs 18.3%), stroke (10.7% vs 9.2%), dyslipidemia (23.0% vs 5.2%), and chronic renal failure (11.2% vs 10.2%); and more often used aspirin (43.3% vs 28.1%), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (35.6% vs 25.4%), angiotensin receptor blockers (7.7% vs 3.2%), beta-blockers (40.1% vs 25.0%), calcium channel blockers (47.7% vs 37.5%), and metformin (22.2% vs 9.9%).

After a median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow-up of 4.1 (1.6-6.8) years—for an overall 404,924 person-years—12.7% of the entire patient cohort developed cancer and 4.4% died. Among those who developed cancer, their median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 79.7 (74.3-87.1) years and the median (IQR) time from their heart failure diagnosis to their cancer diagnosis was 3.8 (1.3-5.6) years.

However, beginning at the 5-year mark, there was already separation between the statin users and nonusers. Statin users had a 24% lower cumulative incidence of cancer compared with nonusers (7.9% vs 10.4%). And at year 10, although slightly reduced to a 15.1% lower cumulative incidence, statin users still came out ahead vs nonusers (11.2% vs 13.2%).

The difference persisted following multivariable adjustment, with statin users having a 16% lower risk of cancer (subdistribution HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.80-0.89).

At 10 years, for cancer-related mortality, 3.8% of statin users vs 5.2% of nonstatin users (as previously mentioned) had died, and all-cause mortality was also lower among statin users vs nonusers, at 60.5% vs 78.8%. “The use of statin was significantly associated with a lower adjusted risk of all-cause mortality than nonusers (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.61-0.64),” the authors wrote.

Indication for statin use (eg, atherosclerotic disease, hypertension) was shown to not affect cancer incidence following multivariable adjustment. Meanwhile, adjusting for length of statin use showed that cancer risk continuously dropped from 11.8% for 3 months to less than 2 years of use to 5.4% among those on the therapy for at least 6 years and that cancer-related mortality fell from 4.5% to 1.8%, respectively.

The authors also looked at specific cancer types, finding that statin use had a potential link to a lower incidence of colorectum, lung, liver, lymph, breast, hematologic, pancreatic, and kidney cancers.

“These findings underscore the strong association of heart failure with cancer,” the authors noted, “and call for potential strategies to reduce the risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality in patients with heart failure.”

They added that their findings echo previous literature but also add to the literature because of their large Asian patient population, among whom the cancer and statin link was extended for the first time. Statin properties that may have contributed to their results are their pleiotrophic properties and their cholesterol-lowering effects.

“These findings have major clinical implications to reduce the associated burden in heart failure,” the authors concluded. “The potential protective effect of statins on the development of cancer merits evaluation in future randomized studies.”

Reference

Ren Q-W, Yu S-Y, Teng T-HK, et al. Statin associated lower cancer risk and related mortality in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J. Published online June 22, 2021. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab325